![]() Intriguingly, we could not observe the predicted behavioral anomalies upon either MS or MSEW paradigm.Ĭ57BL/6J breeding pairs were housed in a specific pathogen-free environment and maintained at 22℃ with 55% humidity. We hypothesized that the MSEW paradigm would result in increased severity in anxiety- and depressive-like behavior as well as enhanced contextual and cue fear learning as reported. Following the two different paradigms, animals underwent multiple behavioral tests relevant to depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive functions at P60. Here, we employed two different, early-life stress paradigms – a conventional protocol with 3-hour separation from P2 to P14 (MS) and a relatively recent protocol with longer time for maternal separation together with early weaning at P17 (MSEW) in C57BL/6J mice. While maternal separation paradigms in rat models are relatively well-established, behavioral effects upon MS paradigms in mice are often inconsistent ( Table 1), which may be due to subtle differences among separation paradigms, animal handling, or housing environments. ![]() In typical maternal separation paradigms, pups undergo 3 hours or more episodes of separation from the dam daily, which has been linked to increased levels of stress hormones and behavioral changes in adult animals. To identify underlying mechanisms of early-life, stress-induced brain dysfunction, maternal separation (MS) paradigms were developed in rodents. ![]() Early-life aversive experiences including childhood abuse, trauma, and neglect have been associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, accompanied by potential neurophysiological changes such as the reduced volume and abnormal activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. ![]()
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